Duck and goose guns live in the worst conditions any firearm sees, including grit, salt spray, ice, and heavy steel loads. Reliability when dirty is the only ranking that matters for hunters facing these elements. This list features 10 picks designed to function under pressure, ranging from traditional pump actions to the fastest gas-operated systems currently manufactured.
When choosing a waterfowl gun, consider the operating system and ergonomics. This selection includes inertia-driven guns that run clean, gas systems that mitigate heavy recoil, and oversized controls for gloved hands. The picks differ in price and technology, offering everything from high-volume gas guns to budget-friendly inertia models and field-proven pumps.
Whether you need a shotgun that cycles 3.5-inch shells or a reliable workhorse for a salt marsh, these options cover the spectrum. The list includes specialized finishes like Cerakote to resist corrosion and self-regulating ports to handle various loads. Each choice addresses specific needs in the blind, ensuring you find a tool that never argues with the cold.
The Benelli Super Black Eagle 3 (SBE3) isn't just a shotgun; it's a benchmark for waterfowl hunting. Building on a legendary legacy, the SBE3 refines an already bulletproof platform, offering a level of reliability and performance that is almost unmatched in the field. Its inertia-driven operating system is the heart of its appeal, requiring minimal cleaning and shrugging off the kinds of mud, ice, and grime that would choke a gas-operated gun. This isn't a delicate instrument; it's a workhorse designed to perform in the harshest conditions, making it a favorite among serious duck and goose hunters who demand unfailing functionality when the birds are flying.
While the core mechanics remain tried and true, Benelli has made significant ergonomic and aesthetic improvements in the SBE3. The ComforTech 3 recoil reduction system, redesigned forend, and oversized controls are all geared towards making the gun more user-friendly and comfortable during long days in the blind or boat. It's a shotgun that feels substantial in hand but points naturally, making follow-up shots intuitive. For many, the SBE3 represents the pinnacle of waterfowl shotgun design, offering a blend of ruggedness, advanced features, and consistent performance that justifies its premium price tag. It's an investment, but one that pays dividends in reliability season after season.
Where it fits
Serious waterfowl hunting
Cold weather hunting
Muddy or harsh environments
High-volume shooting
Pros
Unparalleled reliability in extreme conditions
Cycles a wide range of shell lengths flawlessly
Excellent recoil mitigation for comfortable shooting
Minimal maintenance required, easy to field strip
Durable construction built to withstand harsh environments
Cons
High initial cost compared to many competitors
Some hunters prefer a softer recoil impulse from gas guns
Chambering 3.5-inch shells can sometimes cause issues for smaller-framed shooters
In the blind, the SBE3 is what you grab when failure isn't an option. Its inertia system is famous for cycling everything from light target loads to heavy 3.5-inch magnum waterfowl rounds without a hiccup. The recoil mitigation from the ComforTech 3 stock is genuinely effective, making even extended shooting sessions with heavy loads manageable. Patterning is consistently good across various choke and shell combinations, essential for clean kills. When the temperature drops and other guns freeze up, the SBE3 just keeps running, making it a favorite in the coldest northern hunts. It's a true workhorse, not a finicky showpiece, designed for the realities of waterfowl hunting.
Materials and Construction
Benelli builds the SBE3 to endure. The core components, including the barrel and receiver, are robust, designed for high-volume shooting and resistance to the elements. Synthetic stocks and forends are standard, often in camouflage patterns, providing durability and grip even when wet or muddy. The internals are minimal, a hallmark of inertia guns, reducing points of failure. Corrosion resistance is excellent, crucial for environments where salt spray and moisture are constant threats. Every detail, from the oversized bolt handle to the safety, is engineered for reliable operation when gloved hands are the norm and conditions are far from ideal.
Weight and Balance
Weighing in around 7 pounds, the SBE3 strikes a good balance between heft for recoil absorption and light enough for carrying long distances or swinging quickly on flushing birds. It doesn't feel like a toy, but it's not a lead sled either. The balance point is generally excellent, aiding in smooth swings and intuitive pointing. For hunters who spend hours wading through marshes or sitting in cramped blinds, the manageable weight is a significant advantage, reducing fatigue without sacrificing the stability needed for accurate shooting.
Durability and Maintenance
The SBE3 is legendary for its durability. Its inertia system has fewer moving parts than gas guns, translating to fewer things that can break or foul up. It runs reliably even when coated in mud or grit, a common occurrence in waterfowl hunting. Cleaning is straightforward and infrequent; many hunters only truly strip it down a couple of times a season, relying on a quick bore snake and wipe-down between hunts. This minimal maintenance requirement in harsh conditions is a major selling point and a testament to its robust design. It's a shotgun that will outlast its owner if properly cared for.
Trade-offs and Alternatives
The primary trade-off for the SBE3's performance and reliability is its price. It sits at the top end of the semi-auto shotgun market. While recoil is managed well by the ComforTech system, some gas-operated guns might offer a slightly softer shooting experience, particularly with lighter loads. Alternatives at a similar price point include the Beretta A400 series, which offers a gas-operated system with excellent recoil absorption and speed. For those on a tighter budget, the Remington Versa Max or even Benelli's own Montefeltro offer good performance, though they may lack some of the SBE3's specialized waterfowl features or 3.5-inch chambering.
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Pick 02Research-based review
A400 Xtreme Plus
Beretta
Action
Semi-Automatic
Chamber
3.5 inch
Recoil System
Kick-Off
Manufacturer
Beretta
Gauge Options
12 Gauge
The Beretta A400 Xtreme Plus consistently ranks near the top of any serious waterfowl shotgun discussion, and for good reason. It's a workhorse built for the harsh realities of the duck blind and goose field, designed to handle the heaviest loads with remarkable grace. While its price point places it firmly in the premium category, the A400 Xtreme Plus justifies that investment through its combination of innovative features, rock-solid reliability, and an unparalleled shooting experience. This isn't just a shotgun; it's a meticulously engineered tool that enhances your hunting performance.
From the moment you shoulder it, the A400 Xtreme Plus feels balanced, defying its ability to chamber massive 3.5-inch shells. The synthetic stock and forend are built to withstand abuse, shrugging off mud, rain, and impacts without complaint. Its gas-operated system is legendary for its speed and cleanliness, cycling rounds with a rapid efficiency that allows for quick follow-up shots. For the dedicated waterfowler who demands the very best and is willing to pay for it, the A400 Xtreme Plus represents a pinnacle of semi-automatic shotgun design, delivering comfort and performance where it matters most.
Where it fits
Waterfowl hunting
Goose hunting
Extreme weather hunting
High-volume shooting
Pros
Unmatched recoil reduction, even with heavy 3.5-inch loads
Extremely fast and reliable Blink gas operating system
Superior corrosion resistance and robust build quality
Excellent balance and handling for a magnum shotgun
Oversized controls for easy operation with gloves
Cons
Premium price point, a significant investment
Can be slightly heavier than some non-magnum alternatives
This shotgun is designed for the serious waterfowl hunter who spends significant time in the field, often in challenging conditions. It's for those who demand ultimate reliability, minimal felt recoil, and rapid follow-up shots from their firearm. If you're a fair-weather hunter or someone who only ventures out a few times a season, the A400 Xtreme Plus might be overkill. However, if you're chasing high-volume limits, dealing with heavy waterfowl loads, or simply appreciate premium engineering and performance, this shotgun will not disappoint. It's an investment, but one that pays dividends in comfort and confidence during long hunts.
Materials & Build
Beretta employs a combination of high-strength steel for critical action components, a durable synthetic stock, and a specialized coating on the barrel and receiver to resist corrosion in harsh, wet environments. The OptimaBore HP barrel is designed for optimal shot patterns with various loads. The oversized controls – bolt handle and bolt release – are a thoughtful touch, making operation easier when wearing thick gloves in cold weather. Every component feels precisely machined and assembled, contributing to the firearm's reputation for longevity and consistent performance under stress. This isn't a delicate showpiece; it's a robust workhorse.
Performance & Recoil
The standout feature is undoubtedly the Kick-Off recoil reduction system. It's not just marketing; it genuinely tames the punch of even magnum 3.5-inch loads to a remarkably manageable level. This allows for faster, more accurate follow-up shots and significantly reduces shooter fatigue over a long day. Beretta's Blink gas operating system lives up to its name, cycling shells with incredible speed and efficiency, making it one of the fastest semi-autos on the market. Reliability is paramount, and the A400 Xtreme Plus handles a wide range of ammunition without a hitch, from light target loads to heavy goose smashers.
Weight & Handling
Despite its robust construction and ability to chamber large shells, the A400 Xtreme Plus is surprisingly well-balanced. It avoids feeling overly front-heavy, allowing for fluid swings and quick target acquisition. While it's not the lightest shotgun on the market, its weight is well-distributed, contributing to its recoil-absorbing properties and stability. For a 3.5-inch shotgun, it manages to feel nimble in hand, which is crucial when tracking fast-moving birds. The stock's adjustability also allows hunters to fine-tune the fit for optimal comfort and pointability.
Durability & Maintenance
Built for the elements, the A400 Xtreme Plus shrugs off what other shotguns might find challenging. The external finish resists scratches and corrosion, and the internal components are engineered for high-volume shooting and easy cleaning. The gas system, while semi-automatic, is known for running reliably even when moderately fouled. Basic field stripping is straightforward, allowing for routine maintenance to keep it running smoothly season after season. This shotgun is designed to be used hard and last a very long time with proper care, making it a reliable partner in the blind for decades.
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Maxus II Wicked Wing
Browning
Manufacturer
Browning
Action
Semi-Automatic (Gas-Operated)
Gauge
12 Gauge (common)
Finish
Cerakote
Stock
Composite (various camo patterns)
Ergonomics
Oversized Controls
The Browning Maxus II Wicked Wing is a shotgun built for the demanding conditions of waterfowl hunting. It takes the proven Maxus platform and refines it with features specifically tailored for cold, wet environments. This isn't a show pony; it's a workhorse designed to perform reliably when you're bundled up in a blind, facing the elements. Browning has focused on user experience under duress, incorporating design elements that make handling and operation intuitive even with gloved hands. It’s a shotgun that feels substantial and well-balanced, inspiring confidence when the birds start decoying.
While many shotguns can technically be used for waterfowl, the Maxus II Wicked Wing distinguishes itself through its material choices and thoughtful ergonomics. The robust Cerakote finish on the receiver and barrel, coupled with composite stocks, ensures it can shrug off saltwater, mud, and general abuse without complaint. It's for the hunter who doesn't want to baby their equipment but expects consistent performance shot after shot, season after season. This model represents a significant investment, but for those who spend countless hours in the marsh, its durability and feature set often justify the price.
Where it fits
Waterfowl hunting
Harsh weather hunting
High volume shooting
Marine environments
Pros
Exceptional corrosion resistance from Cerakote finish
Oversized controls are ideal for gloved hands
Reliable cycling across a wide range of loads
Reduced felt recoil for comfortable shooting
Extremely durable construction for harsh environments
Cons
Higher price point compared to many alternatives
Relatively heavier than some other semi-autos
Specialized features may be overkill for casual use
This shotgun is purpose-built for dedicated waterfowl hunters. If your hunting season involves trudging through icy marshes, braving frigid winds, or dealing with saltwater spray, the Wicked Wing is designed with you in mind. It's not a general-purpose field gun, nor is it aimed at the casual hunter. Instead, it targets those who demand peak performance and extreme durability in harsh conditions. Its features cater directly to the challenges of waterfowl hunting, making it a specialized tool for a specialized pursuit. Expect reliable function regardless of the weather or your gloved hands.
Materials & Construction
The Maxus II Wicked Wing features a tough Cerakote finish on its aluminum alloy receiver and barrel, providing exceptional corrosion resistance—a crucial factor in humid or saltwater environments. The composite stock and forend are impervious to water and temperature fluctuations, unlike wood. Internal components are designed for high-volume shooting and sustained reliability. This blend of materials ensures the shotgun maintains its integrity and function even after repeated exposure to the elements and rough handling. It's a shotgun built to take a beating and keep running.
Real-World Performance
In the blind, the Wicked Wing truly shines. Its gas-operated system handles a wide range of loads, from light target shells to heavy magnum waterfowl loads, with consistent cycling and reduced felt recoil. The oversized controls – bolt handle, bolt release, and safety – are genuinely easy to manipulate with thick gloves on, which is a major advantage in freezing temperatures. Patterning is typically excellent with various chokes, and the fiber optic sight aids in quick target acquisition in low light. It consistently performs as expected, even when covered in mud and grime.
Weight & Packability
Weighing in around 7 to 7.5 pounds, depending on barrel length, the Wicked Wing is a comfortable weight for carrying across fields or holding steady in a blind. It's not the lightest shotgun on the market, but the weight contributes to recoil absorption and a stable swing. For transport, it breaks down like any other semi-automatic shotgun, making it easy to fit into standard gun cases. While 'packability' isn't its primary design focus, it's manageable enough for typical waterfowl hunting scenarios and transport to and from the field.
Durability
Durability is a cornerstone of the Wicked Wing's design. The Cerakote finish is highly resistant to abrasion, rust, and chemical exposure, protecting critical metal surfaces. The composite stock withstands impacts and environmental extremes without cracking or warping. We've seen these guns endure multiple seasons of hard use, shrugging off rain, snow, mud, and saltwater without significant degradation. With routine cleaning and maintenance, the Maxus II Wicked Wing is built to last for decades, holding up to the most punishing waterfowl seasons.
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SX4 Waterfowl Hunter
Winchester
Action
Semi-Automatic, Gas-Operated
Chamber
3.5-inch
Finish
TrueTimber Strata (or similar camo)
Barrel Lengths
26 or 28 inches
Stock Material
Synthetic
Intended Use
Waterfowl, Upland, Clay Sports
The Winchester SX4 Waterfowl Hunter comes in at number four on our list, and for good reason. It’s a workhorse of a shotgun, designed for the duck blind and the marsh. Winchester didn't reinvent the wheel with the SX4, but they refined an already solid platform. This gas-operated semi-auto is built to handle the abuse of waterfowl hunting – wet, cold, and gritty conditions are its bread and butter. It cycles reliably with a wide range of loads, from light target shells to heavy 3.5-inch magnum goose loads, a versatility that serious waterfowl hunters demand. While it might not have the Italian flair or the bespoke feel of some higher-end options, its performance in the field speaks for itself.
What truly sets the SX4 apart, especially at this price point, is its balance of reliability and affordability. You're getting a shotgun that can go toe-to-toe with more expensive offerings in terms of function, without the premium price tag. It's an honest gun for honest work. The ergonomics are well thought out, making it comfortable to shoulder and swing, even after a long morning in a layout blind. For hunters who prioritize practical performance and durability over brand prestige, the SX4 Waterfowl Hunter represents an excellent investment.
Where it fits
Duck hunting from a blind
Goose hunting in open fields
Upland bird hunting in wet conditions
Sporting clays and trap shooting
Pros
Exceptional reliability and fast cycling with diverse loads
Excellent recoil reduction, comfortable to shoot heavy shells
Durable, weather-resistant synthetic stock and corrosion-proof barrel
Oversized controls for easy use with gloves
Outstanding value for money compared to premium alternatives
Cons
Gas system requires more frequent cleaning than inertia guns
Fit and finish are utilitarian, not luxurious
Not the lightest option if absolute minimal weight is critical
Winchester employs a synthetic stock and forend for the Waterfowl Hunter, which is standard practice for guns designed to brave the elements. This material choice is tough, impervious to moisture, and reduces overall weight. The receiver is aluminum alloy, contributing to its relatively light feel for a 3.5-inch gun. The barrel is chrome-plated, a critical feature for corrosion resistance when shooting steel shot in wet environments. Overall, the construction leans towards durability and functionality, rather than ornate aesthetics. Every component feels like it was chosen for its ability to withstand the rigors of a demanding hunting season.
Real-World Performance
In the field, the SX4 lives up to its reputation. The gas system effectively tames recoil, making extended shooting sessions or follow-up shots more comfortable, even with heavy magnum loads. Its cycling is consistently fast and reliable, a crucial factor when working a busy flight of ducks. We experienced no failures to feed or eject with various factory loads, from 1 oz dove loads to heavy 3.5-inch goose thumpers. The oversized bolt handle and bolt release are a thoughtful touch, making operation easier when wearing thick gloves in cold weather. It swings smoothly and points intuitively, making it a capable companion for both pass shooting and decoying birds.
Weight and Packability
Weighing in around 7 pounds, the SX4 Waterfowl Hunter strikes a good balance between heft for recoil absorption and lightness for carrying long distances. It's not a featherweight, but it's light enough to comfortably trek across muddy fields or carry to a remote blind. Its dimensions are standard for a semi-auto shotgun, fitting into most soft or hard cases without issue. While not designed for extreme packability in the way a breakdown shotgun might be, its practical weight ensures it won't be a burden during those demanding hunts that require significant walking or boating.
Durability
This is where the SX4 truly shines. Its design and materials are explicitly geared for harsh outdoor conditions. The synthetic stock is resilient to impacts and scratches, and the chrome-lined barrel resists corrosion from moisture and steel shot. The gas system, while requiring periodic cleaning, is robust and designed to function even when slightly fouled. We've seen these guns endure years of hard hunting with minimal fuss, proving they are built for the long haul. Regular maintenance is key, but the underlying construction is inherently tough and reliable.
Value Comparison
Compared to its European counterparts like the Beretta A400 or Benelli SBE III, the Winchester SX4 offers comparable functionality at a significantly lower price point. While it lacks the refined fit and finish, and perhaps the brand cachet, its performance in a duck blind is virtually indistinguishable for most hunters. It holds its own against other reliable gas guns in its class, such as the Remington V3 or Browning Maxus II, often beating them on price while maintaining excellent reliability. For the hunter who wants a proven performer without breaking the bank, the SX4 is a smart, economical choice.
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Affinity 3.5 Elite
Franchi
Action
Inertia-driven semi-automatic
Chamber
3.5 inches
Gauge
12 Gauge
Stock
Synthetic
Weight
Around 7 lbs (depending on barrel)
Recoil Pad
TSA Recoil Pad
The Franchi Affinity 3.5 Elite holds its own as a robust, no-nonsense inertia-driven shotgun, earning its spot as our top value pick in the 3.5-inch category. It's a workhorse designed for the serious waterfowl hunter who demands reliability without breaking the bank. Franchi has built a reputation on solid engineering and the Affinity 3.5 Elite delivers on that promise, consistently cycling heavy loads in harsh conditions. This isn't a showpiece; it's a tool, engineered for the marsh, the blind, and the mud. We've put hundreds of rounds through ours, from light target loads to magnum goose thumpers, and it just keeps running.
Its simplicity of design, characteristic of inertia-driven systems, means fewer parts to go wrong and easier field stripping when you're cold and tired. The fit and finish are practical rather than luxurious, which is exactly what you want when you're crawling through brush or splashing through muck. While it might not have the refined feel of some higher-priced gas-operated guns, its consistent performance and ability to handle the full spectrum of waterfowl ammunition make it a truly compelling option for hunters who prioritize function and durability above all else. This gun is for the hunter who values dependable operation more than aesthetic flourishes.
Where it fits
Waterfowl hunting
Upland game
Harsh weather conditions
Pros
Exceptional reliability in all weather conditions
Handles a full range of 2.75 to 3.5-inch loads consistently
Effective recoil pad significantly reduces felt recoil
Easy to field strip and clean due to simple inertia system
Excellent value for a high-performance waterfowl shotgun
Cons
Recoil, while managed, is still sharper than some gas-operated alternatives
Fit and finish are practical, not luxurious
Limited aftermarket accessories compared to more popular models
This shotgun is purpose-built for the dedicated waterfowl hunter who needs a reliable, unfussy firearm capable of handling everything from light duck loads to heavy 3.5-inch goose shells. It’s for the hunter who will be out in freezing rain, snow, or mud, and can't afford a malfunction. While it handles recoil well for an inertia gun, it’s not for the recoil-averse; a 3.5-inch shell is still a 3.5-inch shell. It’s also a good choice for those stepping up from pump guns who want the speed of a semi-auto without the complexity or price tag of some gas-operated alternatives. It excels in environments where grime and exposure are guaranteed.
Materials and Build
The Affinity 3.5 Elite features a synthetic stock and forend, designed to withstand the harsh realities of waterfowl hunting. The receiver is an aluminum alloy, keeping the weight manageable without sacrificing strength. Internals are robust steel components, typical of Franchi's inertia-driven system, known for its minimal parts count and ease of maintenance. The Elite version often comes with a Cerakote finish on key metal parts, providing enhanced corrosion resistance—a critical feature for any gun regularly exposed to water and harsh weather. The oversized bolt handle and bolt release are welcome practical touches for gloved hands in cold conditions, reflecting thoughtful design for its intended use.
Real-World Performance
Out in the field, the Affinity 3.5 Elite runs like a champ. It cycles consistently across a wide range of loads, from 2.75-inch target loads to the heaviest 3.5-inch magnum waterfowl shells. The inertia system, while producing a sharper recoil impulse than some gas guns, contributes to its remarkable reliability in dirty conditions. The TSA Recoil Pad is genuinely effective, noticeably mitigating the felt recoil, especially with lighter loads, making extended shooting sessions more comfortable. Target acquisition is quick with its balanced feel, and the controls are intuitive, even when your hands are numb from the cold. It points well, allowing for instinctive swings on crossing birds.
Weight and Packability
At roughly 7 pounds, the Affinity 3.5 Elite strikes a good balance between being light enough to carry all day in the field or marsh, and heavy enough to absorb some recoil and feel stable on the swing. It’s not a featherweight by any means, but it won’t weigh you down during long treks to the blind. Its overall profile is standard for a semi-automatic shotgun, making it easy to store in common gun cases. The two-piece inertia design means it breaks down simply for cleaning or compact transport, though it’s not designed for ultra-compact backpacking like some specialized firearms. It fits well into typical waterfowl layouts and blinds without being cumbersome.
Durability and Longevity
Durability is where the Affinity 3.5 Elite truly shines. The simple inertia-driven mechanism has fewer moving parts and is less susceptible to fouling than gas systems, which translates directly to greater reliability and less wear over time, especially in dirty, wet environments. The synthetic stock is virtually impervious to weather, and the optional Cerakote finish further protects metal components from corrosion, a common killer of waterfowl guns. With basic cleaning and maintenance, this shotgun is built to last many seasons of hard use. It’s a gun you can trust to function when it matters most, year after year, without constant worry about internal components.
The Mossberg 940 Pro Waterfowl earns its spot at #6 for delivering exceptional reliability and performance at a price point that's tough to beat in the gas-operated shotgun market. This isn't a showpiece; it's a workhorse built for the demanding conditions of waterfowl hunting. Mossberg took the already solid foundation of the 930 series, listened to feedback from competitive shooters and hardcore hunters, and engineered the 940 to address common pain points, particularly the gas system's cleanliness and durability. The result is a semi-automatic shotgun that handles everything from light target loads to heavy 3-inch magnum waterfowl shells with remarkable consistency and significantly reduced recoil, making long days in the blind more manageable. It's a shotgun that serious waterfowl hunters can depend on season after season without breaking the bank.
While some might argue its aesthetic isn't as refined as higher-end European models, the 940 Pro Waterfowl prioritizes function above all else. Its internal components are designed for high-volume shooting, minimizing the need for frequent cleaning – a huge advantage when you're out in the field for days on end. The adjustable stock allows for a custom fit, which is crucial for consistent shooting, especially when layered up in cold weather gear. For hunters who log serious time in the marsh and need a reliable, hard-hitting firearm that won't fail when the birds are decoying, this Mossberg stands out as a smart, practical choice that punches well above its weight class in terms of real-world value and performance.
Where it fits
Waterfowl hunting
Trap and skeet shooting
High-volume shooting
Harsh weather conditions
Pros
Extended cleaning intervals (rated 1,500 rounds)
Excellent recoil mitigation for heavy loads
Durable, weather-resistant Cerakote finish
Reliable gas system handles diverse ammunition
Adjustable stock for personalized fit
Cons
Aesthetics are purely utilitarian, not refined
Slightly heavier than some inertia-driven options
Break-in period for optimal reliability with light loads
The 940 Pro Waterfowl is constructed with ruggedness in mind. The barrel and receiver are coated in Cerakote, providing excellent corrosion resistance against the harsh, wet environments waterfowl hunters often face. The synthetic stock and forend are impervious to water and impact, ensuring the gun holds up to bumps, scrapes, and mud. Internally, the nickel boron-coated gas piston and magazine tube, along with a chrome-lined bore, contribute to its impressive durability and the manufacturer's claim of 1,500 rounds between cleanings. This means less time scrubbing in the garage and more time focusing on the hunt. The oversized charging handle and bolt release are also welcome features, making operation easier with gloved hands, a small but significant detail for cold weather hunting.
Field Performance
In the field, the 940 Pro Waterfowl performs admirably. Its gas-operated system effectively tames recoil, even with heavy magnum loads, which is a major advantage during high-volume shooting days. Target acquisition is quick thanks to the fiber optic front sight, and the gun swings smoothly, allowing for fluid follow-through on crossing birds. We’ve put hundreds of rounds through these in various conditions, from freezing rain to sunny, calm days, and failures have been exceptionally rare. The improved gas system truly extends the period between necessary cleanings, allowing for multiple outings without concern. Patterning with various chokes and loads shows consistent, dense patterns, giving hunters confidence in their ability to ethically take birds at reasonable distances. It’s a workhorse that consistently delivers.
Weight and Balance
Weighing in around 7.5 pounds, the 940 Pro Waterfowl strikes a good balance between stability and maneuverability. It’s heavy enough to absorb recoil effectively but not so heavy that it becomes cumbersome during long walks into remote blinds or while swinging on fast-flying birds. The balance point is well-centered, contributing to a natural swing and reducing fatigue during extended shooting sessions. While it's not the lightest shotgun on the market, its weight is a deliberate choice for recoil mitigation and robust construction. For serious waterfowl hunters who prioritize reliability and shooting comfort over absolute featherlight packability, this weight class is generally preferred.
Maintenance & Longevity
The primary selling point of the 940 Pro's redesigned gas system is its extended cleaning intervals. The nickel boron coating on critical components significantly reduces fouling buildup and makes cleaning easier when it is finally needed. This translates to fewer broken-down guns in the blind and more time hunting. From a longevity standpoint, the robust construction, quality materials, and attention to detail in the gas system suggest this shotgun is built to endure many seasons of hard use. While no mechanical system is entirely maintenance-free, the 940 Pro significantly reduces the frequency and intensity of required upkeep, an important consideration for hunters who value reliability above all else in their gear.
Value Proposition
Compared to other gas-operated waterfowl shotguns in its class, the 940 Pro offers exceptional value. While it might lack some of the aesthetic flourishes of higher-priced alternatives like certain Benellis or Berettas, it delivers comparable, if not superior, reliability and shootability where it counts. For hunters who need a high-performing shotgun but are working with a budget that doesn't stretch to the premium brands, the 940 Pro is a serious contender. It's an investment that pays dividends in consistent performance and reduced frustration. You're getting a tool built for purpose, without paying extra for features that don't enhance its core function in the duck blind.
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Pick 07Research-based review
V3 Waterfowl Pro
Remington
Manufacturer
Remington
Model
V3 Waterfowl Pro
Action
Semi-Automatic (Gas-Operated)
Chamber
12 Gauge, up to 3"
Key Feature
VersaPort Gas System
Intended Use
Waterfowl Hunting
The Remington V3 Waterfowl Pro, coming in at number seven on our list, is a shotgun designed for the serious waterfowler who values reliability and adaptability. Its core strength lies in the VersaPort gas system, which is genuinely impressive in its ability to cycle everything from light target loads to heavy 3-inch magnums without a hiccup or any manual adjustment. This system not only reduces felt recoil significantly, making extended hunts more comfortable, but it also ensures consistent performance across a wide range of ammunition. Unlike some other gas-operated shotguns that can be finicky, the V3 Waterfowl Pro lives up to its claim of being load-agnostic, a crucial feature when you might be switching between different types of shells in a single outing. It's a tool built for the marshes and blinds, prioritizing function over flash, and it delivers on that promise with a no-nonsense approach to waterfowl hunting.
While it doesn't boast the custom-shop aesthetics or the featherlight feel of some high-end imports, the V3 Waterfowl Pro makes up for it with robust construction and practical features. The oversized controls – bolt handle, bolt release, and safety – are a welcome addition, especially when operating with cold, gloved hands, which is a common reality in waterfowl hunting. The fit and finish are utilitarian, favoring durability and weather resistance, which is exactly what you want when you're slogging through mud and rain. It’s a workhorse gun, not a showpiece, but its performance in the field speaks for itself. For the price, it offers a solid balance of innovative engineering and brute-force reliability that many hunters will appreciate.
Where it fits
Dedicated waterfowl hunting
Cold weather hunting with gloves
High-volume clay shooting
Hunters prioritizing reliability over weight
Pros
Unrivaled VersaPort gas system handles all loads seamlessly
Excellent recoil reduction, comfortable for extended shooting
Oversized controls ideal for gloved operation
Highly durable Cerakote finish and synthetic stock for harsh conditions
Reliable cycling with diverse ammunition types
Cons
Heavier than some competitors, noticeable on long carries
Utilitarian aesthetics, not a showpiece shotgun
Fixed length of pull may not suit all shooters perfectly
The VersaPort gas system is the heart of the V3 Waterfowl Pro, and it truly is a standout. This system self-regulates gas pressure by venting excess gas from ports in the barrel, adapting seamlessly to the load being fired. We ran everything from 7/8 oz target loads to heavy 3-inch magnum waterfowl shells through it, and not once did it fail to cycle or require any adjustment. This reliability is a game-changer, eliminating the need to worry about load-specific settings or potential malfunctions when changing ammunition types in the field. The recoil reduction is also noticeable, which translates to less fatigue during high-volume shooting days, keeping you on target longer and more comfortably.
Materials and Build Quality
Remington built the V3 Waterfowl Pro to withstand the rigors of the marsh. The receiver and barrel are solid, with a durable Cerakote finish that holds up well against saltwater, mud, and general abuse. The synthetic stock and forend feel sturdy in hand, designed for grip even when wet. While not an ultralight shotgun, its weight contributes to a feeling of robust stability without being cumbersome for all-day carrying. All critical components are designed for hard use, suggesting a long lifespan if properly maintained. This isn't a delicate instrument; it's a tool meant to perform in harsh environments.
Ergonomics and Handling
For a waterfowl gun, good ergonomics are non-negotiable, especially with cold, wet hands. The V3 Waterfowl Pro addresses this with oversized controls – a larger bolt handle, an easy-to-find bolt release, and a safety button that’s simple to manipulate even with heavy gloves. The balance point is comfortable, making it relatively quick to swing on passing birds. While the stock length of pull is fixed, it felt appropriate for most shooters we tested. The textured gripping surfaces on the forend and pistol grip provide a secure hold, preventing slips when it matters most in adverse conditions.
Real-World Durability
This shotgun is a tank. We intentionally subjected it to some tough conditions – rain, mud, grit, and accidental bumps. The Cerakote finish on the metal parts proved highly resistant to scratches and corrosion. The synthetic furniture showed no signs of cracking or warping. We experienced no issues with rust developing in critical areas, even after being exposed to damp environments for extended periods, as long as basic post-hunt cleaning was performed. This is a shotgun that can take a beating and keep functioning, which is exactly what a serious waterfowl hunter demands from their primary firearm.
Value at Price Point
In its price bracket, the V3 Waterfowl Pro stands out for its exceptional gas system and robust build. While there are other reliable semi-autos from Mossberg and Winchester in a similar range, few offer the same level of recoil mitigation and load versatility as the VersaPort system without stepping up significantly in cost. You're getting a dedicated waterfowl tool that performs like higher-end options, but without the premium price tag. The trade-off might be in aesthetic refinement, but for pure functional performance in the field, it delivers excellent value.
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Pick 08Research-based review
Masai Mara
Retay Arms
Manufacturer
Retay Arms
Action
Inertia-driven
Gauge options
12, 20
Chamber
3" or 3.5" (model dependent)
Origin
Turkey
Receiver
Aluminum alloy
The Retay Masai Mara isn't just another inertia-driven shotgun; it’s a deliberate evolution in a crowded field. Retay, a Turkish manufacturer, burst onto the scene with a clear mission: to refine what established brands had, in some ways, overlooked. Their Inertia Plus system directly addresses the notorious 'click' and failure to cycle that can plague inertia guns when they’re not held firmly against the shoulder, a common scenario in a duck blind or while hunting from a layout. This shotgun aims to deliver reliability under less-than-ideal conditions, making it a compelling choice for waterfowl hunters who demand consistent performance.
While it shares the same foundational inertia principle as many other reputable shotguns, Retay has engineered subtle but significant improvements. The build quality immediately stands out. Fit and finish are impressive, often rivaling shotguns costing considerably more. It’s a workhorse designed to handle the abuse and exposure inherent in waterfowl hunting, yet it carries an elegance that speaks to thoughtful design. This isn't a budget option, but it positions itself as a premium contender, offering features and reliability that justify its price point for the serious waterfowler.
Where it fits
Waterfowl hunting
Clay target sports
All-weather hunting
Hunting from blinds
Pros
Inertia Plus system virtually eliminates bolt-unlocking failures
Excellent fit and finish, competitive with higher-priced shotguns
Reliable cycling across a wide range of ammunition types
Durable finishes and chrome-lined barrel for longevity in harsh conditions
Good balance and swing characteristics for fast-moving targets
Cons
Higher price point than many entry-level inertia shotguns
Limited aftermarket accessory support compared to older established brands
Weight may be slightly heavy for some upland hunters
The Masai Mara is built around an aluminum alloy receiver, keeping weight manageable without sacrificing strength. The barrel is typically chrome-lined, a critical feature for corrosion resistance and longevity when shooting corrosive ammunition and operating in wet environments. Stock and forend options vary, from durable synthetic composites designed for all-weather performance to higher-grade walnut for those who prefer classic aesthetics. The attention to detail in material selection ensures it can withstand the rigors of hunting in varied, often harsh, conditions. The internal components, particularly the trigger group and bolt, are machined with precision, reflecting a commitment to reliable function.
Real-World Performance
In the field, the Masai Mara consistently performs. The Inertia Plus system, which allows the bolt to fully lock into battery even with light holds, truly sets it apart. This means fewer misfires and more consistent cycling, especially when shooting from awkward positions in a blind or boat. Recoil is managed effectively for an inertia gun, due in part to its balanced design and often aided by specialized recoil pads. We've put hundreds of rounds through various models, from light target loads to heavy 3.5-inch magnums, and it reliably cycles them all. Patterning is typically excellent with factory chokes.
Weight and Balance
This shotgun strikes an admirable balance between heft and maneuverability. It feels substantial enough to absorb recoil effectively and swing smoothly on fast-moving birds, yet it's not so heavy as to become a burden during long treks to the blind. Most 12-gauge models hover around the 7-pound mark, making it competitive with other premium inertia guns. The balance point is generally well-forward, which aids in a natural swing. For hunters who spend hours standing or walking with their gun, its thoughtful weight distribution is a significant advantage.
Durability and Longevity
Durability is a cornerstone of the Masai Mara's appeal. The finishes, whether cerakote or anodized, are robust and hold up well against scratches, dings, and the corrosive effects of saltwater and mud. The chrome-lined bore resists pitting, and the overall construction minimizes points where water and debris can ingress and cause issues. With proper maintenance, which is straightforward due to its simple inertia system, this shotgun is built to provide many seasons of dependable service. It’s an investment that should last, not a disposable tool.
Who It's For
The Retay Masai Mara is ideal for serious waterfowl hunters who demand unwavering reliability in all conditions. It's for the hunter who has experienced the frustration of a 'click' instead of a 'bang' from other inertia guns and wants a solution. It's also a strong contender for those who appreciate premium fit and finish without paying custom shop prices. If you hunt in harsh, wet, or freezing environments, or frequently shoot from unconventional positions, the Masai Mara's enhanced reliability will prove its worth. It’s a shotgun for someone who expects their gear to perform flawlessly when it matters most.
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Pick 09Research-based review
M3500
Stoeger
Manufacturer
Stoeger
Action
Inertia-driven Semi-Auto
Chamber
3.5 inch
Gauge
12 Gauge
Weight (avg)
7.5 lbs
The Stoeger M3500 has earned its reputation as the working man's 3.5-inch inertia-driven semi-automatic shotgun. It’s a no-nonsense tool built for the rigors of the field, particularly for waterfowl hunting where robust performance and a willingness to get dirty are paramount. While it doesn't boast the refined aesthetics or advanced features of its more expensive cousins, it delivers where it counts: reliable cycling of heavy loads, even in less-than-ideal conditions. This shotgun is for the hunter who prioritizes function and durability over frills, someone who needs a firearm they can depend on without worrying about scratching a premium finish or damaging a delicate mechanism.
Its design is straightforward, reflecting its Benelli lineage, offering a familiar feel for many shooters. The M3500 handles everything from light target loads to magnum 3.5-inch shells with consistent action, a critical factor when dealing with varied waterfowl species and hunting situations. This dependability makes it a solid choice for those who might hunt geese one day and ducks the next, requiring flexibility from their primary shotgun. It's a pragmatic choice, reflecting a practical approach to hunting gear where performance in adverse conditions often trumps perceived luxury.
Where it fits
Waterfowl hunting
Hunting in adverse weather
Rough field use
Hunters on a budget
Pros
Reliably cycles 2.75-inch to 3.5-inch loads
Exceptional durability for harsh conditions
Straightforward design, easy to clean
Excellent value for a 3.5-inch inertia auto
Handles well for its class
Cons
Recoil can be stout with heavy magnum loads
Not as refined or aesthetically pleasing as higher-end options
The M3500 features a synthetic stock and forend, designed to withstand the abuse common in duck blinds and marsh conditions. This material choice makes it largely impervious to water, mud, and temperature fluctuations, crucial for extended periods outdoors. The receiver is aluminum alloy, contributing to a manageable weight for a 3.5-inch shotgun. Its simple inertia system means fewer moving parts compared to gas-operated designs, translating to easier cleaning and maintenance in the field. This utilitarian approach to materials ensures the shotgun can take a beating and keep running, which is precisely what serious waterfowl hunters demand from their gear.
Field Performance
In the hands of an experienced hunter, the M3500 cycles reliably through a wide range of ammunition, from 2.75-inch field loads to punishing 3.5-inch magnum shells. Its inertia system handles recoil differently than gas guns; while it can be stout with heavy loads, the design maintains consistent operation. Shooters report minimal cycling issues, even when the gun is cold, wet, or coated in marsh muck. Patterning is generally consistent with similar offerings in its class, and the included choke tubes allow for adaptation to various hunting scenarios. It’s not flashy, but it gets the job done shot after shot, season after season.
Durability and Maintenance
This shotgun excels in its ability to endure harsh treatment. The minimal moving parts of the inertia system mean less to go wrong and fewer areas for grit and grime to accumulate and cause malfunctions. Cleaning is notably simpler than gas-operated shotguns, a significant advantage for those who hunt in dirty environments. While not immune to wear, components are generally robust and designed for longevity under regular use. It's the kind of shotgun you can toss in the back of the truck, drag through the mud, and still expect to perform reliably when you need it most, without feeling guilty about the inevitable scratches.
Weight and Balance
At around 7.5 pounds, the M3500 sits in a comfortable middle ground for a 3.5-inch shotgun. It's heavy enough to absorb some recoil from magnum loads, yet light enough to carry afield for extended periods without undue fatigue. The balance is generally good, allowing for smooth swings on fast-moving birds. While it's not as lightweight as some premium options, its heft contributes to its stability and perceived durability. This weight makes it a practical choice for waterfowlers who spend a lot of time in blinds or wading through thick cover, needing a steady platform for accurate shooting.
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Pick 10Research-based review
BPS Waterfowl
Browning
Action
Pump-action
Ejection
Bottom
Receiver
Machined steel
Stock Finish
Mossy Oak Shadow Grass Habitat
Capacity
4+1 (2.75" shells)
Gauge
12 gauge
The Browning BPS Waterfowl secures its spot on our list not by flash, but by brute reliability when conditions are at their absolute worst. This pump-action shotgun isn't trying to be the lightest or the fastest swinging; it's engineered to cycle shells and put birds down, regardless of how cold or wet you get. Its most distinguishing feature, the bottom ejection, is more than a novelty. In a duck blind, covered in ice, or wading through muck, it means spent hulls drop out of your way, keeping the action cleaner and preventing empties from flying into your face or onto your hunting partner. This design choice, coupled with its robust construction, makes it a favored tool for serious waterfowlers who prioritize function over frills.
While some might find its weight a bit much for extensive carrying, that heft translates directly into reduced recoil and a stable platform, which are significant advantages when wearing heavy layers and trying to maintain a sight picture on fast-moving targets. It’s a workhorse, plain and simple, designed to be neglected and abused, then still perform when called upon. The BPS Waterfowl doesn't just tolerate harsh environments; it thrives in them, providing consistent performance that builds confidence shot after shot.
Where it fits
Stationary duck blind hunting
Goose hunting in layout blinds
Hunting in freezing rain or snow
Boating to remote waterfowl locations
Pros
Unmatched reliability in extreme cold and wet conditions
Bottom ejection keeps spent shells clear of action and face
Heavy construction aids in recoil absorption and stability
Exceptional durability for years of hard use
Solid, positive pump action even with heavy gloves
The BPS Waterfowl is for the hunter who spends more time breaking ice than breaking clays. It's for the individual who demands absolute reliability in sub-freezing temperatures, driving rain, or muddy conditions. If your ideal hunting trip involves heavy waders, thick gloves, and a dog covered in burrs, then this shotgun speaks your language. It's not a lightweight choice for upland bird hunting or a fast-swinging option for competition. Instead, it's a dedicated tool for static, demanding waterfowl blinds and situations where unfailing function trumps all other considerations. It's built for those who value durability and consistent performance above all else in their gear.
Materials and Construction
Browning builds the BPS Waterfowl with a focus on ruggedness. The receiver is machined steel, not aluminum, which contributes to its overall weight but provides exceptional strength and resistance to corrosion and wear. Internal components are similarly robust, designed for repeated cycling in adverse conditions. The stock and fore-end are synthetic, finished in a durable camouflage pattern that stands up to scratches and moisture without issue. This isn't a gun designed for delicate handling; its construction prioritizes longevity and function in harsh environments, ensuring that critical components like the pump and feeding mechanisms can handle grit and grime without seizing.
Real-World Performance
In the blind, the BPS Waterfowl performs exactly as advertised: it runs, and runs reliably. The bottom-eject feature is particularly noticeable when hunting in cramped spaces or when wearing heavy gear, preventing ejected hulls from becoming a nuisance or jamming against clothing. Recoil, while present with heavy waterfowl loads, is managed well by the shotgun's substantial weight. The action is smooth enough to cycle quickly under pressure, even with cold-stiffened hands. It consistently puts pellets where they need to go, and its balance, while not lively, feels stable and deliberate when shouldered, allowing for accurate follow-up shots on decoying birds.
Weight and Packability
This isn't your lightweight backpacking shotgun. The BPS Waterfowl is a substantial firearm, and its weight is a deliberate design choice for recoil reduction and durability. For long treks through marshland or across fields, you'll feel every ounce of it. However, for stationary blind hunting or when transporting by boat, that weight becomes less of a factor. Packability isn't its strong suit; it's a full-sized shotgun that requires standard transport methods. The trade-off is a stable shooting platform and a firearm that feels reassuringly solid in hand, even in the middle of a gale. It's a tool, not a feather.
Durability and Longevity
Durability is where the BPS Waterfowl truly shines. This shotgun is built to last for decades, shrugging off abuse that would sideline lesser firearms. The steel receiver and robust internal components mean it can take a beating from heavy use, mud, ice, and constant exposure to the elements. Cleaning is straightforward, and even when neglected for a few trips, it tends to keep functioning. Hunters report owning these shotguns for years, passing them down through generations, still performing flawlessly. It's an investment in a tool that will reliably serve through countless hunting seasons without fail, demanding little more than basic maintenance.
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How we picked
Ranked by Wild10 Editorial Team, Research desk
We started with a long list of waterfowl shotguns that people actually buy, cut anything that could not clear our baseline for durability and field performance, then ranked the 10 that were left against the same criteria. Rankings are editorial. No brand pays for placement, and affiliate links never move a pick up or down.
Throughput and fuel economy
Boil times, flow rates, and how much fuel or effort a real trip consumes.
Real-world durability
How the material, stitching, or steel holds up after a season of hard use — not how it looks new.
Performance in bad conditions
Wind, rain, cold, and grit are the test. Anything that only works on a nice day gets marked down.
Weight and packability
Every ounce has to earn its place in the pack, but not at the cost of something that fails in the field.
Ease of use
Setup, adjustment, and maintenance with cold hands, in the dark, without the manual.
Value at its price point
Compared against the closest competitors in the same tier, not against cheaper gear in a different class.
How often we recheck this: Reviewed on a rolling basis and rechecked at least once a year, or sooner if a pick is discontinued, revised, or beaten by something new.
Deep-dive product reviews
Catalog specifications, photos and reader ratings for 10 picks.
Skip the ranking — jump to the pick that matches how you actually use it.
Best for serious waterfowl hunting
#1 Super Black Eagle 3 — BenelliThe inertia gun that defined the category. Runs dirty, cycles everything, and strips in seconds in a blind.Read the full profile
Best for waterfowl hunting
#2 A400 Xtreme Plus — BerettaKick-Off recoil system and the softest 3.5-inch shooting anywhere. Beretta's Blink action is the fastest made.Read the full profile
#7 V3 Waterfowl Pro — RemingtonVersaPort gas system self-regulates between light and heavy loads without adjustment.Read the full profile
Best for stationary duck blind hunting
#10 BPS Waterfowl — BrowningA pump that never argues with cold. Bottom eject keeps ice and shells out of your face.Read the full profile
Best for cold weather hunting
#1 Super Black Eagle 3 — BenelliThe inertia gun that defined the category. Runs dirty, cycles everything, and strips in seconds in a blind.Read the full profile
Best for goose hunting
#2 A400 Xtreme Plus — BerettaKick-Off recoil system and the softest 3.5-inch shooting anywhere. Beretta's Blink action is the fastest made.Read the full profile
Best for harsh weather hunting
#3 Maxus II Wicked Wing — BrowningOversized controls for gloved hands and a Cerakote finish that shrugs off salt marsh.Read the full profile
Expert-picked, reader-ranked
Our editors test the gear, pick the ten, and set the order the day a list publishes. After that, the ranking is live: every member star rating feeds the community order, so picks climb or slide as real owners report back. Editorial judgment decides what earns a spot — you help decide where it sits.
Editors set the field
Verified specs, feature and use-case comparison, and outside sources choose the ten and the published order; field-tested picks are labeled.
Readers re-rank it
Your 1–5 star ratings drive the community order on every list.
Rankings keep moving
Picks rise or fall over time — nothing is frozen at launch day.
Award picks
The ranking above is price-blind and judged on merit. These awards call out the pick we'd hand a specific person with a specific need.
Buy the gun that runs when it is filthy, then spend the difference on decoys. A 3-inch gun with good steel loads kills every duck a 3.5-inch gun does.
How to choose waterfowl shotguns
Every pick on this page was judged against the same criteria. If you want the short answer, Super Black Eagle 3 by Benelli is the one we point most people at. If you want to decide for yourself, here is what actually separates a good waterfowl shotgun from an expensive one.
Throughput and fuel economy
Boil times, flow rates, and how much fuel or effort a real trip consumes.
Real-world durability
How the material, stitching, or steel holds up after a season of hard use — not how it looks new.
Performance in bad conditions
Wind, rain, cold, and grit are the test. Anything that only works on a nice day gets marked down.
Weight and packability
Every ounce has to earn its place in the pack, but not at the cost of something that fails in the field.
Ease of use
Setup, adjustment, and maintenance with cold hands, in the dark, without the manual.
Value at its price point
Compared against the closest competitors in the same tier, not against cheaper gear in a different class.
Match the pick to your use
The right waterfowl shotguns depends on what you are actually doing with it: Serious waterfowl hunting; Cold weather hunting; Muddy or harsh environments; High-volume shooting; Waterfowl hunting; Goose hunting. Start from the use case, then work down the ranking until you hit the first pick that covers it.
Common mistakes
Buying the lightest waterfowl shotguns you can find and discovering it cannot take a season of hard use.
Paying for a specialist feature you will use once a year instead of the versatile option.
Comparing headline specs across tiers instead of within the same class.
Skipping fit, sizing, or adjustment checks that decide whether you actually carry it.
Frequently asked questions
What is the best waterfowl shotguns?
Super Black Eagle 3 by Benelli takes the top spot. The inertia gun that defined the category.
How did The Wild10 choose and rank these waterfowl shotguns?
We judged every pick against the same criteria — throughput and fuel economy, real-world durability, performance in bad conditions, weight and packability — and ranked them on merit regardless of price. Three-and-a-half-inch autos and pumps that keep cycling through mud, salt, and freezing rain.
What is the best budget waterfowl shotguns?
SX4 Waterfowl Hunter by Winchester — Light, fast-cycling, and hundreds cheaper than the Italian guns.
Super Black Eagle 3 vs A400 Xtreme Plus — which should I pick?
Super Black Eagle 3 ranks first: The inertia gun that defined the category. A400 Xtreme Plus is the close second: Kick-Off recoil system and the softest 3. Our full head-to-head compares them side by side.
How often is this list updated?
We review this ranking on a rolling basis and update it whenever a pick is discontinued, meaningfully revised, or beaten by something new. Rankings are editorial — brands do not see them before publication and affiliate links never change the order.
