Field Skills
Find True North with a Shadow-Stick and Rocks
Finding true north using a shadow-stick method involves observing how a shadow cast by a vertical stick moves over a short period. The sun's apparent path across the sky causes shadows to shift from west to east. By marking the stick's shadow at two distinct points, typically 10-15 minutes apart, and drawing a line between these marks, you create an approximate east-west line. The first mark represents west, the second represents east. Perpendicular to this line lies true north and south, providing a reliable way to orient yourself in the wilderness without electronic aids.
Topic summary
Finding true north using a shadow-stick method involves observing how a shadow cast by a vertical stick moves over a short period. The sun's apparent path across the sky causes shadows to shift from west to east. By marking the stick's shadow at two distinct points, typically 10-15 minutes apart, and drawing a line between these marks, you create an approximate east-west line. The first mark represents west, the second represents east. Perpendicular to this line lies true north and south, providing a reliable way to orient yourself in the wilderness without electronic aids.
Key takeaways
- The sun is clearly visible and casting distinct shadows.
- The shadow tip moves from left to right (west to east) relative to the stick.
- The line formed by the two shadow tips is perceptibly straight.
- Avoid: Using a crooked stick, which can distort the shadow's true position.
- Avoid: Attempting the method during cloudy conditions or near sunrise/sunset, when shadows are too long or indistinct.
- Avoid: Not waiting long enough between shadow marks, making the east-west line imprecise.
Intended uses
- Field Skills skill (Beginner, ~15 min practice)
- Requires: Straight stick (1-3 feet long), Small rocks or pebbles (2)
Climate suitability
Any outdoor location with direct sunlight and relatively flat, soft ground or a surface where marks can be made.
Verification notes
Author: Wild10 Editors. Last updated October 15, 2026.
Required tools
- Straight stick (1-3 feet long)
- Small rocks or pebbles (2)
Step-by-step
Plant a straight stick vertically into open ground where it casts a clear shadow.
Why: A vertical stick is crucial for consistent and measurable shadow casting.
Place a small rock precisely at the tip of the shadow cast by the stick.
Why: Marking the initial shadow tip provides the first reference point for the sun's movement.
Wait 10-15 minutes, allowing the shadow to move noticeably, then mark the new shadow tip with another rock.
Why: Waiting allows sufficient time for the sun's apparent travel to create a distinct and measurable shadow shift.
Draw a straight line connecting the first rock (west) to the second rock (east).
Why: Connecting these points creates a clear and accurate east-west baseline.
Stand with the first mark (west) to your left and the second mark (east) to your right; true north will be directly ahead of you.
Why: Orienting yourself correctly to this baseline allows for immediate identification of true north.
Tip: For increased accuracy, mark shadows over a longer period, perhaps 30 minutes, or make multiple sets of marks over an hour, then average their east-west orientation.
Common mistakes
- Using a crooked stick, which can distort the shadow's true position.
- Attempting the method during cloudy conditions or near sunrise/sunset, when shadows are too long or indistinct.
- Not waiting long enough between shadow marks, making the east-west line imprecise.
- Using an uneven surface, causing the stick to lean or the markers to be at different elevations.
Troubleshooting
- If the shadow moves very little, wait longer for a more distinct shift.
- If the ground is too hard, use a flat board or a large leaf to mark the shadow tips.
- For very short sticks, use a piece of string or a small flag to make the shadow tip more defined.
- If unsure about vertical alignment, use a plumb bob (a weighted string) next to the stick to check.
Field practice drill
Practice this method regularly in different sunny locations and times of day to hone your observation and marking precision.
Indicators of success
- The sun is clearly visible and casting distinct shadows.
- The shadow tip moves from left to right (west to east) relative to the stick.
- The line formed by the two shadow tips is perceptibly straight.
Related outdoor skills
Educational reference only. Wilderness conditions change fast — practice in low-stakes settings, take a certified wilderness first-aid course, and confirm regional regulations before you rely on any of these skills in the field.